![]() ![]() ![]() Nucleophilic substitution reaction: The use of halogenated compounds and potassium cyanide to prepare nitriles is one of the earliest types of reactions using phase transfer catalysts.In other words, phase transfer catalysts (PTCs) are a class of catalysts that can assist in the transfer of reactants from one phase to another that is capable of reacting, thereby accelerating the reaction rate of the heterogeneous system. Such a substance which promotes the reaction rate and transfers negative ions between two phases is called a phase transfer catalyst. ![]() However, if a water-soluble inorganic salt is used, the organic substance is dissolved in an organic solvent having a small polarity, and a small amount (0.05 mol or less) of a quaternary ammonium salt or a quaternary phosphonium salt is added, and the reaction proceeds easily. These reactions are generally slow, have low yields, and have incomplete reactivity. Heterogeneous organic reactions are often encountered in organic synthesis. Ammonium Salts Other Phase-transfer Catalysts Phosphonium Salts ![]()
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